Posted on Tuesday, January 12, 2021

Temporal Perspective on the Problem

When documenting a client’s problem, one of the categories of information that the problem statement should include is information about the when the problem occurred. Humans are creatures of “time,” and for many of us it is a fundamental factor in the way we perceive the world, but notions of time vary. Temporal perspectives are an essential characteristic of culture, and cultural norm often follow from it. Around the world, different people live their daily lives at different tempos, and observe a different pace of life. This may be reflected in the speed at which they walk, the speed of decision-making processes, or how accurately they keep their clocks. The Hopi tribe of Arizona, USA, for example, have a language that lacks verb tenses, and their language avoids all linear constructions in time. The notion of cyclical time is common to religions like Buddhism and Hinduism; and there is considerable controversy among religious scholars as to precisely how “time” is employed in the divine scheme of things. Such cultural temporal perspectives can obviously impact perceptions of problems that we face. A temporal perspective on the problem can bring additional insight and clarity to the client’s problem statement

Temporal perspectives on Problems — Photo Credit: Adobe Stock

Time is an essential dimension of the world around us. Temporal concepts are fundamental constructs and assumptions of human cognition. Temporal constructs include not just both clock time and psychological time, but also time-sensitive processes; time frame, time courses, and time lags; and the details of the temporal context as a whole. This may be evidenced by temporal language production and comprehension, temporal judgment and temporal reasoning. The concepts of past, present, and future are important mental constructs for structuring experiences. This allows us to organize our perceptual experiences and navigate, mentally, through time. This structuring of experience enables us to bound the temporal scope of decision making and perceived problems

As creatures of time, humans also change their temporal perspectives. Children develop temporal concepts through life experience and typically view temporal concepts with short time horizons. Adults have a dynamic and flexible temporal perspective – we live in the ever-changing present, and our perception of past, present, and future keeps changing. Mature Adults (e.g., grandparents) may develop temporal perspectives that cover longer time horizons (e.g., generational). Time goes so fast that, often, we don’t even notice it. Only when we take a moment of rest, can we see the imprint it leaves on the things around us. Time is a limited resource and people experience strain as they attempt to manage their life, including time pressure, time-based work-family conflict, and time urgency. The attitudes we have towards time can be a significant factor in our perspectives on the problems faced, our decision making, and our performance in resolving those problems.

It seems that change and time are inseparable: changes take time; are located and ordered in time; and they are separated by time. Even though change clearly takes time (as all changes occur at a finite rate), time does not seem to make change. Most environmental parameters change with time (e.g., temperature, light etc.). With sufficiently large timescales (e.g. geological time) even the ground on which we stand may change due to the effects of time. So too the problems we face can seem quite different when viewed from temporal perspectives with different timescales

Time Perceptions vs Temporal Perspectives

Time perception is a field within psychology cognitive linguistics and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience, or sense, of time, as measured by someone’s own perception. In addition, different types of sensory information details (auditory, tactile, visual, etc.) are processed at different speeds by the complex systems of our neural mechanisms. Our brains learn to overcome these speed disparities to create a temporally unified representation of the external world. To get events correct timewise, our sensory systems must wait (about a tenth of a second) for the slowest information to arrive. This has the disadvantage of pushing our perceptions slightly into the past; but enables us to assemble perceptually coherent patterns and trends. Many of the problems we face occur at slow timescales relative to our perception, allowing us to develop analyses of the problem; before interacting with it. Some problems occur at on timescales comparable to our perception where the time to analyze the problem is not available, and our response may be simply autonomic reactions without conscious thought. Phenomena from our problems can also occur at timescales much faster than our perceptual threshold. At these timescales we can only directly perceive samples which may be difficult for our sensory systems to interpret, though electronic sensors and other mechanisms may enable indirect observations.

We are all time travelers in the sense that we all draw on past memories, experience the present and look forward to the future unfolding. Our conceptions of time are fundamental to our reasoning about the sequence of events and consequential decision making. The temporal aspects include temporal dimensions of events, time granularities, temporal context, temporal patterns, event order, and retrospective and proactive operations. Our assumptions and expectations (e.g. on norms of behavior) often condition our responses. Sequencing events is fundamental to identifying trends, correlation, causation and the controllable parameters we use to manipulate our environment, and the problems we experience within it.

A temporal perspective refers to a specific point of view or attitude that an actor holds about time. Temporal perspectives involve attitudes, thoughts, and affective tone regarding our personal past, present, and future. Marketing professionals look at temporal perspectives as situational characteristics that deal with the effect of time on consumer behavior. A temporal perspective on the problem includes the actors temporal perspectives as well as the temporal aspects of the problem context.

Conflicts can occur between different with different temporal perspectives – (e.g., in a financial investment context, investors with current or future temporal perspectives might be conflicted by disclosure policies – disclosure of a possible risk harms a firm’s current investors, but failure to disclose the risk harms the firm’s future investors). Time perspectives (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) involve a tendency to focus on a particular segment of time: past, present, or future. Your attitudes to your past or future may evaluate positively or negatively. Your attitude to the present may also be impacted by temporal concepts resulting in perspectives including: “fatalism” (no control), “hedonism” (no consequences) and “carpe diem” (seize the day). For individuals, balance and positivity comes from making positive use of the past, finding healthy ways to relish the present, and routinely making plans for an improved future; finding a temporal perspective which realizes essential psychological needs and deeply held values. Selecting different temporal perspectives may enable new decision-making opportunities in dealing with the problems of life as we experience it.

Is your client’s problem sensitive to a temporal perspective on the problem?

Temporal Perspective on Problems — Photo Credit: Adobe Stock

Is your client’s problem sensitive to a temporal perspective on the problem? They may not be aware of or report such temporal sensitivities. Your client may not recognize the impact of the their temporal attitudes and context in their problem statement or on potential problem solutions. Viable solutions may be cheaper and easier to develop if they only need to be applicable to clients within a reduced scope that can be developed through reframing the temporal perspective on the problem via the problem statement.

When developing the problem statement for your client, understanding the geographic perspective can impact the scope of the desired future state as well as constraints on viable solutions. Our free Guide to Writing Problem Statements can help you get your client program statement right.

Everyone has Client’s problems that they need to solve, but are they solving the right problem? Are you solving your best problem? Whether you are a researcher, business professional or social entrepreneur, the solutions you develop to the problems that you face matter! We’d like to hear your view of the most important challenges in writing problem statements for your clients. We have a brief survey on the most important challenges that should take less than 2 minutes to complete. The survey takes less than 2 minutes and you can get started right away by going to this link. I look forward to sharing these insights and resources with you.

A course on the use of perspective to refine problem statements is now available.

Problem Perspectives Course

If you need help bringing the power of perspective to your client problem statement contact me.

Posted on Sunday, January 10, 2021

Problems that Matter

Dictionary definitions of problems distinguish between exercises in mathematical operations (e.g., construction of geometric proofs) and questions involving some doubt, difficulty or uncertainty that may be proposed for solution or discussion. Mathematical operations may be used in developing a solution. Problems that matter to people are more often ideas conceptualized in non-mathematical terms. Problems are essentially unmet human needs. These problems can be also viewed as an opportunity for innovation. There is a diversity of problems in the world around us- from chronic diseases, energy, fiscal policy to more mundane decision-making aspects of modern life. Many of the most challenging problems lack singular “silver-bullet” solutions.

Human nature drives us to focus on and solve problems that matter. These are the problems or challenges that relate to real human needs. Many are familiar with Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. Manfred Max-Neef also proposed a taxonomy of needs: subsistence, protection, affection, understanding, participation, leisure, creation, identity, and freedom. While we may be focused on our own immediate needs, all humans have multiple needs, and there are billions of humans on our planet with multiple needs, and all these other peoples’ problems matter.

Innovation for problems that matter

Thomas Edison once explained his approach to innovation succinctly: “I find out what the world needs. Then, I go ahead and invent it.” The most successful businesses tend to be born out of that sweet spot where what the world needs intersects with what you are deeply passionate about. We all want to solve problems that matter. We feel connected to the decisions we make; and the impact they have on people. When we are working on these sorts of important problems that we all care about, it becomes an emotional process.

Solving problems that matter has an impact on those people whose needs are now met through this innovation. The innovation of a solution to a problem may impact one person, or provide an aggregate solution affecting many people. Impact happens in a variety of ways – through the entrepreneurial ventures; through research publications; and, most importantly, through the actors (in the problem) who’s behavior and lives change. The metrics used to measure the scale of the impact will vary with the goals of the specific innovation – e.g. Physical event statistics (temperature, time between events, number of successful outcomes), monetary value, reported satisfaction, etc.

There are a multiplicity of approaches to innovating problems into solutions. Some methods involve direct action (e.g., where control variables are accessible), while others take an indirect approach by influencing external stakeholders. Some approaches provide temporary solutions (e.g. maintain the status quo in the face of disruptive events); or lead to incremental improvements while others are truly disruptive and transformative. The world is full of a bewildering number of organizations that may be relevant to your problem: government agencies, nonprofits, large corporations, etc. These organizations offer different kinds of resources and pursue different opportunities and platforms to effect change. They comply with different legal, operational, and tax regimes across different countries. Regardless of the solution approach, an effective problem statement is required.

Innovations can be developed at different levels of organizational, or technological abstraction. You can work on a organizational challenge through the United Nations, the national government, a non-profit or for-profit corporation or one-on-one. Innovations on technology challenges can be focused in different ways. For example, focused on a specific deployment, a particular type of solution architecture, or more generic technology independent frameworks. Technology innovations (e.g., Artificial intelligence) can enable the opportunity for other innovations through automating certain tasks. But these need to be applied to the context of the problem that matters. Innovations at higher levels of abstraction can have a much larger impact; but are harder to assess, iterate, and implement. Working directly with people can give you immediate feedback and a firsthand view of the human impact; but are often constrained to a smaller population.

Innovators, Innovation and transformation

Innovators have diverse motivations and incentives for engaging with particular problems. There are more reasons than there are people. For some, it is just a job; for others, maybe, it is a more lucrative job. Some love the challenge, some want to give back, while others are looking to “save” or “empower” other people. Some may engage to satisfy their ego, to earn bragging rights, or to discover the thrill and adventure of problem solving in an exotic locale.

Innovating solutions to problems that matter is not a “save-the-world mission”; but rather a rigorous, multidisciplinary, integrative discipline that requires collaboration to deliver impact. Innovator in interdisciplinary teams may share a common interest in harnessing the power of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and design to find practical and sustainable ways to improve the human condition. The may value rigorous data-driven and evidence-based approaches to create and deliver new products and services that transform ways of thinking and doing. But science, technology, mathematics and design don’t help if applied to solve the wrong problem, or people don’t adopt it. The answers for problems that matter often require attitude adjustments from various stakeholders.

Industry transformation is not about solving problems for the clients that matter, but about working with clients that focus on the problems that matter. Investors celebrate disruptive technologies for the profit they promise or fear them for the losses they could generate. What is revenue like, what are the margin structures, are there network effects, what is defensibility, how are engagement and retention numbers trending? These are all important ways to evaluate how large and valuable a business can be. However, it is particularly satisfying when a company marries strong performance with a mission to solve some of the largest problems our society faces. The age of judging companies only on their longevity is now past. Great companies solve problem that matter – new workplaces, new food sources, new medicines, etc. What problems matter to you and your clients?

Reframing the problems that matter

If you’re going to go through the hell of building an organization (whether for-profit or not), you might as well come out the other side having built something to solve a problem that matters. A big problem can be solved by solving little problems; but keep the end goal in mind. The happiest and most successful people don’t just love what they do. They are obsessed with solving an important problem, a problem that matters to them. It’s actually a lot easier to work intensely on solving a problem you are really passionate about. Take the time to identify which of the problems in the world you are passionate about solving. Life is just too short to build things that don’t make the world better.

Is your client’s problem sensitive to the way it is framed? They may not be aware of or report such sensitivities. Your client may not recognize the impact of framing their problem statement on potential problem solutions. Conversely, viable solutions may be cheaper and easier to develop if they only need to be applicable to clients within a reduced scope that can be developed through reframing the problem statement.

A course on the use of perspective to refine problem statements is now available.

Problem Perspectives Course

If you need help bringing the power of perspective to your client problem statement contact me.

Posted on Saturday, December 5, 2020

The Problem Statement Problem

Problems have been described at the discrepancy between the current state and some desired future state. A problem-cause-solution pattern is common as a critical thinking approach providing argumentation supporting proposed solutions. This approach is particularly attractive if existing predictive models based on the causal actions are available. Based on new inputs to the model, existing predictive models provide a mathematical basis for calculating (predicted) new results within the limitations of the model. As a mathematical technique, predictive models have been successfully applied in a variety field from scientific endeavors to commercial activities like algorithmic stock trading, predicting accident risk for auto insurance, and healthcare outcomes.

When considering potential bias in problem solving, the predictive model is often a starting place. A good model is both as accurate as possible, and as simple as possible making it easy to understand and apply – and also easy to misapply if its limitations are not understood. Most models reduce the amount of control data because this simplifies the model enabling easier model development, validation and usage. Models are typically validated over a limited range of control variable values, but reality may not be constrained to that range. Complex systems in the real world are often affected by multiple control variables, and those may interact in interesting non-linear ways. The phenomenon being modelling is typically assumed to have a stable pattern of behavior, but this assumption is not always true. Humans, animals and artificial intelligence software can all exhibit learning behaviors that evolve over time. Predictive models of systems with learning behaviors developed at one point in time, may not be valid after new behaviors are learned. While model developers strive for prediction accuracy, most models are approximations. The degree of precision of an approximation may limit the predictive power of a model.

The tools we use alter our perception of the problems we solve – various paraphrased along the line of if one has a hammer, one tends to look for nails (quote investigator 2014). Even professionals with specialist expertise in particular fields tend to look problems from the perspective of their profession. Indeed, they may risk liability issues if they deviate from professional norms. The approach of identifying a cause may be seen as argumentative or evaluative, e.g., when there are multiple causes or explanations leading to a problem. The model development approach looks for variables that can be isolated and controlled, but these may not be the only causes of problems. In a legal (liability) context, there is a notion of a proximate cause being a cause that produces particular, foreseeable consequences. This typically requires the court to determine that the injury would have occurred, “but for” the negligent act or omission (the proximate cause). The widespread adoption of big data collection and artificial intelligence techniques (e.g., machine learning) has increased attention on the need to move beyond statistical correlation to prove causality. Recent progress in development of causality proofs (e.g. causality notations – (Pearl & Mackenzie 2018) has enabled significant improvements in development of predictive models. While the problem-cause-solution pattern is common, there are situations where action (or a solution) is required without establishment of a cause. The continuing operation of the system may not afford time for causal determination, or the costs on inaction may be too great. In this action bias context, the objective may be to make “reasonable” actions (e.g. to avoid known bad outcomes) rather than attempt to resolve the problem.

A desired future state may be described in objective terms; a desired state, however, must be desired by some real human (ie. it is subjective) as non- humans do not have desires. Broad consensus on some desired future state may provide some aura of objectivity. “Wicked problems” lie in the area where broad consensus of desired future state does not exist. If there is no consensus on the desired future state, then that lack of consensus likely applies not just to proposed solutions, or causality model selections, but also to the problem statement.

Problem statements delimit the scope of the problem to avoid extraneous matters and focus on the information relevant to the problem. The problem statement provides a context and forms a perspective on the problem. Perspectives include not just data observations, but also some meaning associated with those observations, focusing attention on the most relevant/ important observations. Framing the problem from different perspectives may result in different solutions, e.g., different problem statement will likely have different causal explanations proposed, leading to different solution proposals.There is often a rush to solving a problem rather than clarifying the problem statement first. A problem statement should provide clarity around the four W’s of the problem:

Who – Who does the problem affect? Do they recognize it as a problem? Has anyone else validated that the problem is real? Who realizes the value if the problem is solved? Who else might have a useful perspective on the problem?
What – What is the nature of the problem? What attempts have been made to resolve the problem?
When – When does the problem happen? What are the antecedent and contemporary event? What is the Temporal Perspective?
Where – Where does this problem arise? Is there observational data of the problem context correlated with its occurrence? What is the Geographic Perspective on the problem?

When it comes to your problem – what type of problem solver are you? Ad hoc or intuitive problem solvers risk spending their effort solving the wrong problem and not achieving the impact they might hope for. A systematic approach to capturing the problem statement and then reframing it from multiple perspectives may take more time initially to develop the problem statement, but avoids the risk of solving the wrong problem. Why is the problem worth solving? Why are you trying to solve it? Once you have your client’s problem statement, you can then refine it to focus on the problems that matter for greater impact.

When developing the problem statement for your client, understanding diverse perspectives can impact the scope of the desired future state as well as constraints on viable solutions. If you are developing client problem statements, you might be interested in our free Guide to Writing Problem Statements.

A course on the use of perspective to refine problem statements is now available.

Problem Perspectives Course

If you need help with your problem statement contact me.

References

(quote investigator 2014) https://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/05/08/hammer-nail/

( Pearl & Mackenzie 2018) Pearl, J., & Mackenzie, D. (2018). The book of why: the new science of cause and effect. Basic Books.